In Peru, gene editing is emerging as a tool to address climate change challenges, particularly for the potato, which holds national food security and cultural significance with over 3,500 registered varieties.
Unlike GMOs, gene editing modifies DNA within the organism's genome using tools like CRISPR, correcting or eliminating specific sequences without altering the plant's essence. Julio Vivas Bancallán, CEO of the Peruvian Seed Association (APESemillas), notes that gene editing allows for precise modification of plant genes to address climate impacts like water stress, extreme temperatures, and increased pests, which have affected crop productivity.
Applications of gene editing are evident in Argentina, where INTA developed non-oxidizing, low-acrylamide potatoes, and in Kenya and Sweden, where research centers developed blight-tolerant varieties. Vivas argues for a clear legal framework allowing responsible use, stating gene editing strengthens biodiversity by accelerating plant breeding.
Agricultural engineer Jorge Montalvo Otivo from the National University of Huancavelica warns against altering varieties perfected through natural and cultural selection, emphasizing that native potatoes deserve respect. Any genetic intervention should have rigorous scientific and regulatory oversight.
Biological engineer Rodomiro Ortiz from the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences highlights gene flow risks from gene-edited potatoes in Peru, affecting native crops and wild Solanum species. A Wageningen University study detected gene flow into wild species after using modified nematode-resistant potatoes. As a solution, Peru developed the "Revolución" potato, a genetically modified, male-sterile cultivar to prevent gene flow.
Ortiz sees gene editing as vital for developing climate-resilient and disease-resistant potato varieties, contributing to food security and agricultural growth. This approach supports modern research without risking the genetic integrity of native potatoes or Andean biodiversity.
Peru faces a dilemma: embracing biotechnology for agricultural innovation or protecting genetic diversity. Both positions require informed debate. Vivas states, "We need modern regulation, dialogue between science and tradition, and political will to take advantage… without betraying our biological and cultural wealth."
In handling climate change and food demands, gene editing must be managed responsibly to ensure benefits without compromising cultural roots.
Source: Argenpapa
